The Criminal Justice System Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Criminal Justice System - Term Paper Example Even though, the administration is toothed with an exhaustive power to trace and punish criminals, many procedures have been set out by the American Constitution like right to engage a counsel , right to remain silence , right to appeal, etc. for an accused. The main intention of a criminal law is to safeguard society. One of the famous maxims about criminal law is that the punishment must fit the crime. Thus, this research study helps to evaluate what a criminal system is, a comparison between traditional and contemporary policing, legal, diversity and ethical issues associated with American criminal Justice System and about its intricacies in detail. [Summers &Hoffman, 2002, p.173]. Criminal justice system consists of a great number of actors executing different jobs like judges, police officers, probation officers, bondsman, etc. Each player in criminal justice system requires to gain assistance and cooperation of the other actors by assisting those players to accomplish their objectives. The federal system of the United States is founded on the substratum notion that the states administer the principal responsibility for criminal justice and hence , criminal justice is the nucleus of state and not national responsibility .[Barkow,2003,p.33]. Currently, there is no single criminal justice system in U.S.A as different states follow many systems that are identical but individually distinctive. However, court findings are based on the due process of justice that is guaranteed by the U.S constitution which is responsible for the administration of criminal justice. In U.S.A, criminal justice department consists of courts, police and corrections. Under criminal justice system, police performing roles like to look into reported crimes, gathering and safeguarding evidence, arresting the offenders and helping the prosecution that offenders get proper punishment and to keep law and order in the society. Court decides whether an individual is an offender or not and award a proper sentence to the offender and to interpret the law wherever it is necessary. Correction system offers protection and care for the convicted and to uphold the safeguards conferred by American constitution. Thus, role of criminal justice system’s functi ons is allocated differently across the state, local and federal governments Traditional Policing Customary policing focuses on individuals who commit crimes, and they will attempt to separate nonoffenders from offenders. One another old myth is that criminology spotlights on the community level. The purpose is not to identify why individual commit a crime but to recognize attributes in cities, neighborhood, nations and states that are responsible for higher magnitude of crime. (Samaha, 2005, p.56). According to

Research Euromoney market Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Euromoney market - Research Paper Example Eurodollars refers to the U.S. dollars deposited in banks outside the United States or these are dollars deposited in European banks (Globalization Financial Markets, n.d.). The major sources of the Eurodollars include foreign governments, dollar reserves, oil exporting countries, multinational corporations and business executives with excess cash balance deposits outside the U.S. The users of Eurodollars include commercial banks and governments. Globalization Financial Markets n.d. states that, â€Å"many commercial banks have been have been relying mostly on the Eurodollars to make loans to the exporters and importers and domestic companies.† Eurodollars instruments can be categorized into two: Eurodollar deposits, which can be negotiable certificates of deposits with floating interest rates and specified maturity time and time deposits, which have a maturity time of less than a year or Eurodollar loans, which range from $500,000-$100 million. The later also forms the major source of finance of Eurodollars among all other sources of finance. Globalization Financial Markets n.d. states, â€Å"The expansion of Euro dollars is enabled by; private and public depositors keeping their money outside the United States banks and private and public borrowers who take the Euro dollar loans.† London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) is one of the world’s widely used benchmark for setting short-term interest rates set by sixteen international member banks. The rates were introduced into the financial markets in the year 1986 after two years of conducting test runs. Today, LIBOR rates published by BBA daily places a rough estimate of about $360 trillion rates of financial instruments globally. LIBOR is important, applauded by many participants of the financial markets because it is inclusive, and considers even the less preferred borrowers of money. Either LIBOR has ability to dilute Fed rate cut effects. The Euro commercial paper is short-term unsecured loan

International business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International business - Case Study Example In this mode, the statement reporting books are translated so as the proceeding activity will be taken over by the legal bodies. The importance of this type of translation is it makes sense to the financial statements and to show the position of the company’s date of home currency. It forms the simplest currency exposure that can be understood by the ordinary learners. It pertains the duration of the exposure while taking place and it involves a foreign exchange in the business. It also targets the monetary process for the profit generation. The management can initiate some strategies to control these exposures. The use of money markets, foreign exchange derivative such as future contracts and forward contracts (Levi 24). The opted strategy is the company carefully selection of production sites with the aim of reducing cost. The businesses that rely on the domestic market vary from because the profit produced by the dependent firms is high. The policies that have been implemented by the IMF will not work well with the developing countries having a young economy. The policy states that, â€Å"Since the debt crisis of 1980’s, the IMF has assumed the role of bailing out countries in case of the financial crisis. (caused in a large part by the currency speculation in the global casino economy). With the emergency loan packages tied to certain conditions, often referred to as structure adjustment policies† (Levi 24). From these policies, IMF was opposed because of some reasons. Among the reason was that from the structured adjustment policies, IMF created an immoral system of modern day colonialism. The collaboration of IMF with World Bank and WTO, it exposed the economy to inequality and destruction of the environment. Cutting expenditure on health and educations was their advice to countries so that they can pay their debt. When this is performed, elimination of necessary food and putting aside, transportation

Cross Cultural Psychology in the 21st Century Essay

Cross Cultural Psychology in the 21st Century - Essay Example Cultural similarities and differences have to be studied on priority for understanding human behaviour. Travelling is an integral part of cross-cultural psychological research. Unlimited friendship with people from diverse backgrounds and theoretical and practical life experiences that should enable the researcher to think critically, rationally and logically are compulsory for the said research. It is imperative to think less about cultural differences and more about assimilating the cross-cultural psychology into mainstream psychology. Research should focus on adjusting the ideologies and theories to the mainstream psychology, Matsumoto's saying that bilinguals automatically work from two cultural frames depending on the language they speak at any given moment. Knowing more languages enables them to get into multiple personalities and intercultural sensitivity. Most westerners are monolingual and are unaccustomed to cross cultural comparisons. Future developments in research should focus on cultural comparisons. Culture is too magnificent to be captured by one dimension alone and should be understood in its many splendours, also with reference to power and status that affect the culture. Integration of cross-cultural theories into mainstream psychology should be the target. Two research regions should be the intercultural and interpersonal communications and their importance. Culture and the so

Managing under uncertainty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing under uncertainty - Essay Example When she looks at the files concerning the case, she finds that all of them contain medical records giving details of individuals suffering from the same symptoms and conditions. This arouses her suspicions and upon further investigation, she finds that the local energy company has been contaminating the water supply of the client and this has been the cause of all the bad health conditions she has been experiencing (Scharfenaker 20). Erin decided to investigate further and this leads her to the discovery that the presence of chromium in the water supply is responsible for the bad health conditions of many residents living in the same area as her client. To counter this, she convinces these people to go up against the energy company, and in an unprecedented decision, these people are awarded millions of dollars in compensation. This movie is an extremely well made one because it enables those who watch it to explore diverse moral and ethical issues, which would never be normally disc ussed. When making a study of the above film, there are certain people who would look upon it from the position of ethical relativism. This is because of the fact that despite not being a lawyer, and her having no qualification that is related to that profession, Erin Brockovich took it upon herself to represent the people who had been affected by the actions of the energy company. Some would say that it was not her place to take matters into her own hands because despite the fact that she worked at a law firm, she had no qualifications to do so. While she may have won the case for her clients, those opposed to a non-legal person presenting a case in court would say that the best thing that she may have done would have been to hand the case over to one of the lawyers at her firm (Lopate). The fact that she won the case may be considered to have been a fluke, that it was luck, which got her through it, not her professionalism. Since ethical relativism is the viewpoint where morality is dependent on the norms of a culture, which practice it, one would say that Erin might have been right in taking the action that she took. She did what she thought was right and went ahead to defend the people whose health was being placed at risk by those who would otherwise not have thought to take any action by themselves. It is the society which determines whether the actions of individuals is ethically right or wrong, and while some may dispute Erin’s actions as being that of a wannabe lawyer, it is a fact that she did what many lawyers would not have chosen to do, despite its being their duty. She chose to represent and place the case of people who lacked representation in court, hence helping them receive some compensation for the suffering that they had been undergoing. One would therefore say that while it was not her job to represent these people, Erin was ethically bound to do so because she had plenty of knowledge concerning the case, and not to take any action would have been immoral of her. It is the duty of and a requirement for all people working in law firms to maintain the highest standards of ethics when carrying out their duties towards those whom they are concerned with. While doing this, they should always keep in mind that the best interests of their clients are put above

Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies Essay Example for Free

Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies Essay Based off of this reading, it can be assumed that the conditions in the Indies during the time this text was written were not humane whatsoever. The actions of the Spaniards were very much barbaric, and completely contradict the religion which the Spaniards were trying so desperately to impose upon the natives of the Indies. Without having to go into detail, it is said by Bartoleme in the letter that the Spaniards would treat the people of the Indies as wild beasts, cattle, or animals. But he then goes back on this statement saying that in fact they treated them less than livestock, because they at least took care of the livestock. This is a good example of how barbarically the Spaniards ruled over the Natives. There was no respect for the Natives, even though they were described as peaceful, passive, kind, and as overall decent human beings. Yet in the eyes of the Spaniards, the same people were seen as barbarians and savages. What makes the situation even more disturbing is that the Spaniards used the name of god to justify their ruthless actions. They saw it as their divine right to take over the Natives. Fortunately, there were people like Bartoleme that spoke out against these cruel acts. He wrote the letter describing all the acts of inhumanity towards the Natives to the King and Queen of Spain in order to create rules and regulations that would regulate the actions of the Spaniards in the Indies. This alone was a substantial act of humanity. The only ironical part is that he suggests that the Spanish use African people instead of using the Natives of the Indies for labor. Unfortunately at the time, there were still mass amounts of racism, even amongst the most noble of men. Men such as Bartoleme who spoke out against cruel acts were still subject to their own racist antics. Although this wasn’t very out-of-the-ordinary at the time, in today’s world it’s despicable nonetheless. It’s a very hypocritical suggestion that he had for the King and Queen, and for that, would lose all credit for anything positive that happened to the Natives after his ideas were reinforced.

USS Lead Superfund Site

USS Lead Superfund Site The environmental regulatory agencies in Indiana are the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and the IDEM (Indiana Department of Environmental Management), which split regulatory responsibility for the local environment. This balance leans more heavily towards the IDEM, since the EPA has to divide its attention amongst six states in the region while the IDEMs sole focus is just the state of Indiana. Additionally, each agency contributes to Indianas environmental regulation in different ways, each playing to the strengths of their individual legal jurisdictions. The EPA develops and enforces regulations, awards federal grants, studies environmental issues in its numerous nationwide laboratories, sponsors partnerships with local agencies (like the IDEM), teaches people about the environment, and publishes information. Their mission is multi-faceted, but in regards to Indiana the EPA works to ensure all Americans are protected from significant risks to human health and the environment where they live, learn, and work and takes statewide efforts to reduce environmental risk are based on the best available scientific information. The EPA differs from the IDEM since it is a federal institution and as such it monitors federal laws (as opposed to state laws), ensuring that laws protecting human health and the environment in the region are enforced fairly and effectively. On the other hand, IDEMs mission is to implement federal and state regulations to protect human health and the environment while allowing the environmentally sound operations of industrial, agricultural, commercial and government activities vital to a prosperous economy. The IDEM is relatively newer than the EPA, being founded only in 1986. Interestingly, there is a unique relationship between the two agencies since the first administrator of the EPA, William D. Ruckelshaus, was a native Indianan who drafted the Indiana Air Pollution Control Act of 1963 which laid the groundwork for what would later establish the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board. Before the IDEM was created, environmental regulations were administered by the Indiana State Board of Health and, before that, by the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board. The IDEM in Indiana might have not emerged had it not been for the EPA and its founding administrator. Today, the IDEM employs about 900 environmental professiona ls who perform numerous functions, including assessing air and water quality, issuing environmental permits, inspecting permitted facilities, developing state environmental rules, responding to environmental emergencies, overseeing cleanups of contaminated properties, managing voluntary pollution prevention programs, and raising public awareness about environmental protection in Indiana. Both the EPAs and IDEMs offices and programs in this region are similar in the fact that they both ensure compliance with environmental laws and rules that help protect Indiana and its environment. Both agencies complement each other since they must both be equally ready to deal with environmental emergencies, ensure effective communications with the public, provide for public participation in its decisions and activities, and investigate environmental crimes. Of the ten U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys regional offices, the office for EPA Region 5 is in charge of handling environmental issues in Indiana. Aside from Indiana, Region 5 includes the states of Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin, and an area dedicated to the 35 Native American tribes. While not the biggest EPA region geographically, Region 5 deals with some of the nations biggest environmental issues, including the Grand Rapids vapor intrusion, the Flint drinking water response, the Great Lakes restoration initiative, and studies on petroleum coke and lead in drinking water in Chicago. But perhaps most importantly in Region 5, the EPA is dealing with managing the USS Lead Superfund Site, a large scale environmental accident area in Indiana. A Superfund site is defined as any land in the United States that has been contaminated by hazardous waste and identified by the EPA as a candidate for cleanup because it poses a risk to human health and/or the environment (toxmap). These sites are placed on the National Priorities List (NPL). This is the case with the USS Lead site that is located in East Chicago, Indiana, which was listed on the National Priorities List of the worst contaminated sites in the country in 2009. [The Superfund] site includes part of the former USS Lead facility along with nearby commercial, municipal and residential areas.ÂÂ   The primary contaminants of concern are lead and arsenic (EPA Superfund 2). Lead contamination at Superfund sites presents a threat to human health and the environment. Lead, a naturally occurring element, can be harmful to humans (particularly children) when ingested or inhaled. Over time, lead has become a common environmental contaminant at Superfund sites across the country (EPA Superfund 1). While much of our lead exposure comes from human activities such as emissions of fossil fuels from leaded gasoline and past use of lead-based paint in homes, lead can also be emitted into the environment from industrial sources and contaminated sites, such as former lead smelters. While natural levels of lead in soil range between 50 and 400 parts per million, mining, smelting, and refining activities have resulted in substantial increases in lead levels in the environment, especially near mining and smelting sites (EPA Lead). This was precisely the case with U.S. Smelter and Lead (USS Lead), our first key player and biggest culprit in the Indiana Superfund environm ental disaster. A brief look at USS Leads history shows that smelter operations began at the site in 1906, with the smelting of copper. In 1920, title to the property was transferred to USS Lead. Between 1972 and 1973, the USS Lead facility was converted to operate exclusively as a secondary lead smelter, recovering lead from automobile batteries and other sources of secondary lead (EPA Case Summary). Even though USS Lead ceased operations in 1985, the environmental damage was already done and a nearby public housing complex and several residential properties suffered severe lead contamination. According to the EPA, the other two key players that caused this problem are the Atlantic Richfield Corporation (ARC) and E.I. du Pont De Nemours and Co. (DuPont). The USS Lead Superfund Site is located on a 79-acre tract of land in East Chicago, Indiana, and includes both the former USS Lead facility and ARC and DuPont, all of which operated facilities in the same area. While USS Lead was the most significant contributor to contamination in the area, the EPAs investigations indicate that the other two facilities were also significant sources of contamination to the residential area. Specifically, ARC and DuPont contributed through arsenic contamination which contains different pollutant properties than the aforementioned USS Lead contamination. According to the EPA, when lead is released to the air from industrial sources or vehicles, it travels long distances before settling to the ground, where it usually sticks to soil particles. Lead may also move from soil into ground water dep ending on the type of lead compound and the characteristics of the soil (EPA Lead). But sometimes small quantities of elemental arsenic are added to other metals with the goal of forming metal mixtures or alloys with improved properties. In fact, the greatest use of arsenic in alloys is in lead-acid batteries for automobiles. Therefore, similarly to lead, when those arsenic alloys were heated in smelters at the ARC and DuPont sites, most of the arsenic went up the stack and entered the air as a fine dust that again settled on the ground and stuck to soil particles. This sets the stage for additional health problems in the nearby community, including dangerous levels of arsenic accumulation in soil, water, plants, animals, and ultimately even humans who consumed anything exposed to arsenic. On October 28, 2014, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Indiana approved a consent decree between the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of Justice (DOJ), and the state of Indiana, Atlantic Richfield Company, and E.I. du Pont De Nemours and Co. (DuPont). Under the settlement, Atlantic Richfield and DuPont agree to pay 100 percent of the costs incurred to implement the cleanup and will spend an estimated $21 million to clean up contaminated soil in the Calumet neighborhood of East Chicago, Indiana (EPA Case Summary). Before work begins, EPA officials will meet with property owners to discuss details of the cleanup on their property. In general, workers will dig up and remove contaminated soil up to two feet deep and replace it with clean soil, including six inches of topsoil. As a final step, workers will put grass seed or lay sod on the topsoil, restoring each yard to a healthful and clean condition all at no cost to the homeowner. The responsible parties will transport the contaminated soil to a licensed landfill for proper disposal. EPA anticipates that approximately 723 residential yards will be cleaned up (EPA Case Summary). References https://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/toxmap/faq/2009/08/what-are-the-superfund-site-npl-statuses.html https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/case-summary-epa-agreement-will-start-clean-contaminated-soil-us-smelter-and-lead https://www.epa.gov/lead/learn-about-lead https://www.epa.gov/superfund/lead-superfund-sites https://www.epa.gov/uss-lead-superfund-site